Success Of Artificial Insemination Research Articles

Influence of Method Thawing to Success Artificial Insemination of Cows

Artificial insemination has been widely known among breeders as an effective reproductive technology by inserting sperm collected from male animals into the reproductive tract of female animals for the purpose of improving genetic quality. The success of AI is influenced by several factors, namely semen quality, inseminator expertise, livestock health, and other supporting factors. Good semen quality is one of the determining factors for the success of artificial insemination. One of the quality standards for frozen semen according to SNI is the level of motility post thawing minimum 40%. Motility level post thawing very dependent on technique thawing used. Thawing is the process of re-thawing frozen semen at physiological body temperature to reactivate sperm cells. Thawing can have an impact on reducing the quality of spermatozoa if not done properly. Temperature and time accuracy thawing will maintain sperm viability and motility, so that sperm quality is maintained and the success rate of artificial insemination will be high.

Uterine tone influences fertility of Merino ewes following laparoscopic artificial insemination

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in facilitating rapid genetic and production gains within the sheep industry. However, variable rates of AI success remain a concern for the industry and a barrier to adoption. Furthermore, the degree to which female factors influence the success of intrauterine laparoscopic AI rather than natural mating remains unknown. As such, this study investigates the effect of several factors collected during the time of AI, on the success of intrauterine laparoscopic AI. Data was generously donated by artificial breeding companies and stud breeders during routine commercial AI operations. AI data was collected over 3 breeding seasons during commercial AI programs (N = 24 programs) using Merino ewes (N = 24,700). Sire ID (N = 253), time of AI following progesterone removal (approx. 43–59 h post removal), uterine tone and intra-abdominal fat (both scored 1–5) as well as age of the ewe were all recorded at the time of AI. Transcutaneous ultrasound subsequently determined pregnancy rate approximately 55 days post-AI. A multivariate regression analysis was performed and revealed pregnancy success to increase when semen was inseminated into a ewe with a uterine tone score of 4 or 5 (P < 0.001). The remaining factors fell short of significance within the multivariate model. An interclass coefficient variation matrix was also used to determine the proportion of variation contributed to AI success by random factors allocated in the model; site, sire, AI date and breeding season (45.99 %, 29.94 %, 15.15 % and 8.92 %, respectively). These results highlight the influence of uterine tone on ewe fertility following laparoscopic AI, but also that program location and the sire used can further modify this influence on pregnancy rate. These factors must now be considered in combination with semen factors per individual sire used during AI to ascertain the contribution of several factors to the success of laparoscopic AI in Australia.

Success rate of local and crossbred cow through Artificial Insemination (AI) in Sylhet region of Bangladesh

The study aimed to assess the conception rate as an indicator of the success of Artificial Insemination (AI) of selected AI points of Sylhet district. Three years (2020 -2022) data from Khadim Nagar, Mirza Jungle, and Jaintyapur have been used for this study. Result revealed that Jaintyapur point achieved highest conception rate (98.96%) and lowest found at Khadim Nagar (86.93%). On the other hand, among the total inseminated cattle, 95.6% were a crossbreed. In contrast, 96.2% were local breed. However, while comparing the different semen used for AI, insemination with D×128 attained conception rate 100% at Jaintyapur AI point. Whereas the lowest performance reported SL×788 as 90%. In the case of parity of the cattle, conception rate was 96.5% in first parity, 95.6% in second, 96.7% in third,97.2% in fourth and 65.5% in fifth. Overall, the success of AI in Sylhet district could be considered satisfactory.

The impact of Origanum Vulgare essential oil supplementation on sperm motility and subpopulation alterations in bulls, dogs, and rabbits

Artificial insemination is a widely adopted method in livestock production for various reasons such as health security and genetic improvement. Although sperm motility is of paramount importance in this technique as it directly influences the sperm's ability to fertilize the oocyte. In previous research on human sperm, we observed that in vitro supplementation with Origanum Vulgare essential oil significantly improved sperm motility and antioxidant activities, all without negatively affecting the integrity of their DNA. Based on these promising results, we considered it crucial to explore the potential effects of supplementation with this essential oil on sperm of other species. In this study, we studied the effects of oregano essential oil supplementation on sperm motility of (bulls = 15) (dogs = 15) and (rabbits = 9) and the changes that in vitro incubation with this oil could induce on sub-motile sperm populations of different species. The results of the study showed that in vitro oregano essential oil supplementation had a significant impact on sperm motility in the three species studied. This improvement in sperm motility was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of subpopulations with high velocity and progressivity: an increase of (2.16%, 10% and 4.84%) for subpopulation 1, (6.50%, 5.5% and 3.17%) for subpopulation 4 in bulls, dogs and rabbits respectively. While the subpopulations representing low motile and non-progressive sperm have decreased. These results suggest that the use of oregano essential oil can be a beneficial approach to improve sperm motility in different species, which can have important implications for the success of artificial insemination.

Exploring Endogenous and Exogenous Factors for Successful Artificial Insemination in Sheep: A Global Overview.

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a vital role in animal breeding programs. AI is applied to enhance animal genetics and facilitate the widespread integration of desirable characteristics with a high potential for productivity. However, in sheep, this biotechnology is not commonly practicable due to multi-factorial challenges, resulting in inconsistent outcomes and unpredictable results. Thoughtful selection of semen donors and recipients based on genetic merit deeply impacts ovine AI outcomes. Additionally, endogenous factors such as breed, age, fertility traits, genetic disorders, and cervical anatomy in ewes contribute to ovine AI success. Extensive research has studied exogenous influences on sexual behavior, reproductive health, and hormonal regulation, all impacting ovine AI success. These exogenous factors include techniques like estrus induction, synchronization, semen handling methods (fresh/chilled/frozen), and insemination methods (cervical/laparoscopic), as well as nutritional factors and climatic conditions. This overview of the literature highlights the endogenous and exogenous challenges facing successful ovine AI and proposes strategies and best practices for improvement. This paper will serve as a guide for understanding and optimizing the success of ovine AI.

THE EFFECT OF INFLUENCE OF EXPERIENCE AND AGE OF THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMI- NATION OFFICER ON THE SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN DAIRY COWS

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Research on the effect of influence of experience and age of the artificial insemination officer on the success of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows has been conducted. This study aims to determine and examine the ef- fect of influence of experience and age of the artificial insemination officer on the success of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows. The research was conducted in December 2022–January 2023 in Lembang District, Bandung Barat. The method used is the survey method. The material used was an artificial insemination officer at the Kope- rasi Peternak Sapi Bandung Utara (KPSBU) Lembang. The variables observed to determine AI success are service conception (S/C), conception rate (C/R). The data analysis used in this study is quantitative descriptive analysis and simple correlation analysis. The results showed that the AI officer experience was an average of 19 years and an average age of 39 years. Average S/C value is 1.84 , Average C/R value is 64.50%. The results of a simple correlation analysis showed that the experience and age of the inseminator had no real effect (P&gt;0.05) on the success of AI in dairy cows. It was concluded that the success rate of AI in dairy cattle based on S/C and CR in Lembang District was good, but the experience and age of the artificial insemination officer did not have a significant effect on the success of artificial insemination in dairy cows.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of Suplementation Tomatoes Juice in Fresh Semen Egg Yolk Citrate Diluent on the Quality of Spermatozoa and the Success of Artificial Insemination in Thin Tailed Sheep

This study aims to determine the effect of adding tomato juice in fresh semen egg yolk citrate diluent to the quality of spermatozoa and the success of artificial insemination in thin tailed sheep. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design research method with 3 treatments and 5 repetitions. The treatments consisted of a solution of egg yolk citrate (P0), egg yolk citrate added 20% tomato juice (P1), and egg yolk citrate added 40% tomato juice (P2). Data analysis on spermatozoa quality included motility, viability, and abnormality using one way anova followed by Duncan’s test, while artificial insemination success included Non Return Rate (NRR) and Conception Rate (CR) using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the best diluent was found in P1 with the addition of 20% tomato juice resulting in motility percentages and viability are 75,52 ± 1,92 and 87,70 ± 1,04. It can be concluded that the addition of tomato juice had a significant (P&lt;0,05) effect on the motility and viability of spermatozoa. The addition of 20% tomato juice in egg yolk citrate diluent can improve the quality of spermatozoa. The CR and NRR values obtained from artificial insemination with P1 diluent were 53% and 60%

AN OVERVIEW OF SEMEN EXTENDERS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CAMEL

Artificial insemination is an emerging technique to ensure productivity and rapid genetic improvement in camels. This technique is not well developed due to involving different challenging factors because of semen collection, viscosity, nature of ejaculates, dilution in stabilized semen extenders, processing and cryopreservation, challenging related to artificial insemination and low conception rate. Numerous bovine commercial and non-commercial extenders with slight modification have been utilized for camel semen cryopreservation with little success. The gelatinous nature of the camel semen is one of the major challenges for proper evaluation, dosage calculation and cryopreservation. Various techniques have been used to liquefy the semen within a short spin of time without compromising the quality of sperm cells. This review provides precise data that appears in the peer reviews journals collected most of information to highlight the different semen extenders, addition of different supplementation and essential additives in semen extenders, challenges factors regarding camel bull and camel cow involved in success of artificial insemination.

Pengaruh umur dan pengalaman inseminator terhadap keberhasilan inseminasi buatan pada sapi perah di wilayah kerja Koperasi Peternak Sapi Bandung Utara (KPSBU) Lembang

This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows at KPSBU Lembang District based on experience and different ages of inseminators. The research was carried out on December 26, 2022 - January 31, 2023, in Lembang District. The research was conducted using a survey method and the variables measured were the success of artificial insemination including service per conception (S/C), Conception Rate (CR), Non-Return Rate (NRR), and Calving Interval (CI). Data analysis used in this study is a simple correlation analysis and quantitative descriptive. The results showed that the average age of the inseminator was 39 years old, the average inseminator work experience was 19 years. Meanwhile, the average of S/C value was 1.84 time, the CR value was 64.50%, the NRR value was 93%, and CI value with an average of 13 months. The correlation analysis showed that (X) experience and age have no significant effect (p&gt;0,05) on the success of AI based on (Y) S/C and CR. It can be concluded that the success rate of artificial insemination of dairy cows based on S/C and CR in Lembang District was good, but the experience and age of inseminators had not affected the success of artificial insemination in Lembang District

Vaginal Cytology as a tool for estrus detection improves the success of artificial insemination in water buffalo

Estrus detection in water buffalo is affected by the high incidence of poor manifestation inherent in this animal species. This affected the success rate of Artificial Insemination (AI) and Embryo Transfer (ET) due to the failure of perfect timing in AI and embryo-recipient synchrony in ET. While various ways of estrus detection were reported, the accuracy was interfered with by other symptoms that signify the health condition rather than the reproductive status of the animal. This results in a low conception rate and long calving intervals in AI and ET programs. Vaginal Cytology is a simple clinical tool of estrus detection that can also detect the pathological status of the reproductive tract and the perfect time for AI. While this is greatly used in canines, application in large animals was limited. The need to collect the swab from animals in the field and bring the smeared sample for analysis to the laboratory hindered its use and application. Our study, however, showed that by adopting this tool in estrus detection, increase in conception rate and calf production were achieved. A >60.0% cornification with the presence of >10 mm Graafian follicle is enough indicators of the perfect time for AI resulting in 80-100% conception. The development of a water buffalo vaginal chart helped determine the time of estrus. Strategies to adopt this tool for improved livestock reproduction are warranted.

Semen Evaluation, Preparation of Bangkok Roosters, and Insemination to Indonesian Native Hens

The success of artificial insemination in chickens is very dependent on sperm quality. Sperm temperature and diluent during storage can affect sperm quality. This study evaluated the quality of Bangkok chicken sperm diluted with 5% glucose and NaCl stored at 5 ⁰C and 26 ⁰C. The research design used was completely randomized. The data obtained were analyzed using a variance. The results showed that the motility of sperm preserved for 9 hours at 26 ⁰C with infused NaCl and Glucose 5% differed significantly (P&lt; 0.05) with motility of 50±0.0% and 34±8.94%, respectively. While preservation under 5 ⁰C for 9 hours with NaCl, better than Glucose 5% (P&lt;0.05) with motility of 58.00±10.95% and 38.00±10.95%, respectively. The viability of sperm preserved at 26 ⁰C with glucose 5% extender was better than NaCl (P&lt;0.05) with a value of 58.93±1.27% and 33.43±1.27%, respectively. While preservation at 5 ⁰C of viabilities of sperm under Glucose 10% and NaCl were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) from values of 52.57±5.15% and 48.14±8.09%, respectively. The abnormality of sperm stored at 26 ⁰C and 5 ⁰C for 9 hours with NaCl and Glucose 5% were not different (P&gt;0.05). Insemination using 100 million sperm with infused NaCl extender from 18 eggs produced 94.44% (n=17) fertility and 72.22% (n=13) hatchability. While insemination using infuse glucose 5% extender, 11 eggs produced 63.64% (n=7) fertility and 54.54% (n=6) hatchability. The infusing NaCl extender produced better sperm quality, fertility, and hatchability than glucose 5% at 5 ⁰C.

THE EFFECT OF ADDING VARIOUS TYPES OF ANTIOXIDANT MATERIALS ON THE MOTILITY AND VIABILITY OF BULL SEMEN: A LITERATURE RIVIEW

The quality of the cement used for Artificial Insemination (AI) influences the success of AI. The quality of frozen semen can be maintained by adding diluents that contain nutrients to maintain the viability of spermatozoa, prevent cold shock during freezing, and maintain the same osmotic pressure and pH as sperm cells. Spermatozoa also require antioxidants to protect against damage due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This research aims to determine various types of antioxidants on the motility and viability of spermatozoa from cow semen. The method we use is a literature study which summarizes several pieces of literature whose library sources come from journals and articles searched via Google Scholar. Library sources are selected based on their correlation with the title of the literature study being reviewed. The research results show that the use of green tea antioxidants which contain EGCG, virgin coconut oil and commercial vitamin E which contains tocopherol, genistein with isoflavone content, fish oil with omega 3 content can inhibit lipid peroxidation and provide cell protection against oxidative damage from ROS. The results of the previous literature study certainly still require a lot of development. Therefore, further testing can be carried out to check the accuracy of the research data.

Factors Supporting the Success of Artificial Insemination in Beef Cattle in East Langsa District Langsa City

Cattle farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and meeting the protein requirements of humans. It is not only appealing due to its simplicity in care but also because it can make use of plant-based feed. Artificial insemination (AI) can be employed to boost the cattle population. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the success of AI in beef cattle within the East Langsa District of Langsa City. The sampling method utilized was purposive sampling, involving 42 respondents. Statistical analysis involved classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing to identify the factors impacting the success of AI in beef cattle. Data processing was conducted using the SPSS computer software. The results revealed that the AI tool variables (X2), including inseminator origin, inseminator service, AI success rate, and AI equipment, had a significant effect (significance value 0.010) on the success of artificial insemination (Y). Similarly, the inseminator variable (X4), involving inseminator ability without special education, AI special education, inseminator ability to detect cattle in heat, and the inseminator's capability to insert frozen semen into the uterus even when the animal is not in heat, demonstrated a significant impact. Conversely, examining the livestock condition variable (X1), such as no sick cows in the last year, cows in good health before AI, and yearly calving, did not exhibit a significant effect (significance value 0.816). Further research is urgently required, incorporating additional variables to strengthen the factors that can enhance artificial insemination and increase livestock production.

Strategies to improve the success of fixed-time artificial insemination in the ewe.

During the sheep breeding season, ovulatory follicles vary widely in age at pessary removal impacting both the timing of oestrus and pregnancy rates following artificial insemination (AI). Ovulatory follicles that emerge between days 7 to 9 of the pessary period are associated with higher fertility whilst those that emerge earlier or later are associated with lower fertility. In this study, two strategies to improve the success of AI by controlling the development of the ovulatory follicle were examined. In the first, ewes were treated with PGF2α at either -12 and/or +6 days (experiment 1) or -27 days (experiment 2) relative to pessary insertion to control the time of emergence of the ovulatory follicle. In the second, ewes were treated with eCG (400 IU per ewe) at either 0 h, -6 h or -12 h relative to pessary removal (experiment 3) to improve the development of young ovulatory follicles. PGF2α administered on day -27 increased the percentage of pregnant ewes by 17.8% and the number of foetuses per 100 ewes inseminated by 33.9%. PGF2α treatment at other times had either no effect or reduced fertility. During the breeding season, treatment with eCG at -12 h improved the synchrony of oestrus, reduced the size of the ovulatory follicle but did not improve pregnancy rate compared with other treatments. Treatment had no effect during the non-breeding season, supporting earlier findings that the quality of young ovulatory follicles differs during the year. In conclusion, PGF2α treatment 27 days before pessary insertion provides a new and cheap strategy to improve the success of fixed-time AI programs.

Bovine sperm HSP-70 molecules: a potential cryo-tolerance marker associated with semen quality and fertility rate.

Freezability is the ability of sperm to maintain its vitality and quality from various stress during the cryopreservation process, which is very important for the success of fertilization in AI programs. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are unique proteins induced in response to various stress, including excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to intracellular enzymes that can harm cells. This study aimed to analyze the potential of HSP-70 molecules in bovine sperm as a marker of freezability or cryo-tolerance, as well as its association with semen quality and fertility rate. The classification of bulls is based on freezability (good freezability/GF and poor freezability/PF), which is obtained from the value of post-thaw viability using the SYBR-14/PI-flow cytometry. Semen quality assessed included sperm motility and kinetics (computer-assisted sperm analyses), plasma membrane integrity (HOS test), acrosome integrity (FITC-PNA), mitochondrial membrane (JC-1), and DNA damage (Halomax kit). The bull fertility rate assessment was analyzed based on the first service conception rate of each bull derived from data on the success of artificial insemination contained in the Indonesian-integrated National Animal Health Information System (iSIKHNAS). Gene expression levels of HSP-70 bovine sperm were performed using the RT-qPCR method. The protein abundance of HSP-70 bovine sperm was determined using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. Bovine sperm HSP-70 molecules, at the gene and protein level, showed a higher abundance in GF (p < 0.05) than in PF bulls. The percentage of each parameter of frozen-thawed sperm quality was significantly higher in GF (p < 0.05) than in PF bulls. The HSP-70 molecules at the gene and protein levels were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the fertility rate. Furthermore, HSP-70 molecules were negatively associated (p < 0.01) with low mitochondrial membrane potential and sperm DNA damage and positively correlated (p < 0.01) with other frozen-thawed sperm quality parameters. The overall quality of frozen-thawed sperm was closely related (p < 0.01) to the fertility rate. We may conclude that HSP-70 molecules in bovine sperm at the gene and protein level have the potential to be developed as a marker for cryo-tolerance or freezability, which may be utilized as a predictor of fertility and frozen-thawed sperm quality in bulls.

Analisis Faktor-faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Inseminasi Buatan (Ib) Ternak Sapi Potong di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat

This study aims to determine the dominant factors, both direct and indirect, to the success rate of the IB program in West Tanjung Jabung Regency. This research was carried out from 12 December 2020 to 6 January 2021. The objects observed in this study were all inseminators and a sample of breeders from each inseminator. The data obtained from this study are primary data and secondary data. The data were analyzed using Stepwise Multiple Regression analysis and processed using SPSS. The results of the analysis show that the success of Artificial Insemination in West Tanjung Jabung Regency has been good, this can be seen from the S/C value per inseminator of 1.54 ± 0.46. The dominant factors directly and indirectly influence the success of AI in West Tanjung Jabung Regency such as the length of time of raising livestock, the skill factor of the inseminator, the work area factor, the age factor of the acceptor. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the success of the Insemination program (Artificial AI) in West Tanjung Jabung Regency is quite good. This can be seen from the Service Perception (S/C) value in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, which is 1.54 ± 0.63, which shows the fertility level of acceptor cattle is quite good, the dominant factors that influence the success of AI in West Tanjung Jabung Regency are length of breeding, inseminator factors, area factors and acceptor age factors, while the farmer's knowledge factor and BCS factor do not significantly affect the success of AI in Tanjung Regency. West Jabung, the BCS factor does not have a significant effect because livestock from the study in the West Tanjung Jabung Regency area have a homogeneous BCS score.

Upaya Pemerataan Inseminasi Buatan pada Ternak Sapi di Kelurahan Laweyan Kota Surakarta

The purpose of this community service activity is to equalize artificial insemination in cattle in Laweyan Village, Surakarta City. While the results obtained from this activity are if the government does free artificial insemination in Laweyan Village, it will further improve the economy of cattle breeders in Laweyan Village and increase the population of cross-breeding cattle in Laweyan Village. The artificial insemination program was carried out in Laweyan Sub-District, with 20 cattle breeders and 60 cows. In this activity, the implementation team carried out several activities to carry out the artificial insemination program. The number of female cows in all breeders is 60 cows, out of 60 cows we give the first hormone injection simultaneously within 1 day, after that we wait for the cows to go into heat for 11-12 days if there is no heat for 11-12 days we do the second injection, after that we wait for the cows to go into heat for 2-3 days, when the cows go into heat we wait for the right time to be artificially inseminated, then the heat for adult cows is 17 days .8 hours with a range of 2.4-28 hours while for heifers it is 15.3 hours, all activities take place according to directions from the local inseminator and veterinarian. If the farmer's cow starts to go into heat, we and the inseminator and the veterinarian perform artificial insemination, the success of artificial insemination can be determined by observing the cow's estrus cycle 21 days after the artificial insemination is carried out and the cow does not experience the first estrus, and also does not experience the second estrous cycle, then the cow is declared pregnant at 42 days. The number of 60 cows that received artificial insemination injections, the percentage of successful artificial insemination injections of all cows was 65%, it can be said that the artificial insemination injections that were carried out were successful.

Semen Cryopreservation Quality and Sperm Kinematics of Saanen Goats Using Different Diluents

The success of artificial insemination (AI) in small ruminants, especially goats, depends on the quality of frozen semen. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the quality of various diluents, including tris-egg yolk, AndroMed®, and OviXcell®, on semen quality. The fresh semen samples from three male Saanen goats aged 1.5-2 years were collected and the mean individual motility of samples was recorded at 70%. The cryopreservation quality of the semen was evaluated based on motility, viability, abnormality, and total sperm motility (TSM) indexes. The present laboratory experiment was performed with 3 treatments and 10 repetitions. The treatments in this study were T0 (tris-egg yolk), T1 (AndroMed®), and T2 (OviXcell®). The results showed no significant difference in the parameters of motility, viability, abnormality, and TSM among the treatment group. The kinematic parameters’ average path length, velocity curved linear, and linearity showed a significant difference in all treatment groups. However, there were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of motility, progressiveness, distance curved line, distance straight line, average velocity path, velocity straight line, straightness, amplitude lateral head, beat cross frequency, and wobble kinematic parameters. Motility was higher in T2 than in T0 and T1, viability was higher in T1 than in T0 and T2, and abnormality was lower in T1 than in T0 and T2. In conclusion, the use of various diluents, such as tris-egg yolk, AndroMed®, and OviXcell®, can maintain the quality of frozen spermatozoa for over 24 hours, including motility, viability, abnormality, and TSM. Kinematic parameters obtained using CASA IVOS II can provide relevant information for various parameters using these diluents.

Nilai C/R sebagai Indikator Keberhasilan Pada Program Inseminasi Buatan di Distrik Semangga

This study aims to determine the success of artificial insemination in the Semangga district with the Conception/rate indicator. The method used for determining the sample using pourpose sampling as many as 45 respondents spread over 4 villages in the Semango district. Primary and secondary data are collected for further analysis. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and averaged using a standard deviation. The results showed that the R/C was 71.83 which means that the success rate of bolt insemination in Semango district is quite high.

Assess the quality of Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Bull Semen regarding seasonal and geographical variability in Nepal

We carried out this study to assess the quality of semen regarding the seasonal and geographical variability of Murrah buffalo breeding bull in Nepal. We aimed to access the quality of seme n of murrah buffalo bull considering the seasonal and geographical variability to help standardize quality semen producing protocol and concern. A total of eight Murrah buffalo bulls were used. Semen collection was done at once week and two ejaculations were considered at an interval of 30 minutes during the Summer (June to August), Autumn (September to November), Winter (December to February), and Spring (March to May) from 2017 to 2020 AD. Immediately after collection, initial motility, sperm concentration, pre-filling motility, post-thaw motility, live sperm, and abnormality of sperms were evaluated. Findings revealed that the season had affect (p&lt;0.005) to the semen volume, individual motility, and post- thawing motility except for semen volume and sperm abnormality(p&gt;0.05). However, initial motility, sperm concentration, and pre filling motility did not vary in months (p&gt;0.05). It is thus well reflected that several traits related to quality and quantity of semen Murrah buffalo bulls may vary depending on the season of collection, location and age (p&lt;0.05) with the semen traits of initial motility, sperm concentration, and pre-filling motility. Accordingly the semen collected during the autumn and spring season is revealed the percentage of average post thaw motility above the 52% that considered the success of artificial insemination is good for buffaloes.